Introduction
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder marked by social interaction challenges, communication difficulties, and repetitive behaviors. It has a wide range of manifestations, from mild to severe, and its prevalence has significantly risen in recent years. While the exact causes of ASD remain uncertain, it is believed to result from a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Traditional treatments for ASD focus primarily on behavioral management and pharmacotherapy, but these often come with limitations, particularly the side effects of psychotropic medications. Unani medicine, with its holistic and individualized approach, offers alternative neuroprotective strategies that aim to address both the physiological and psychological aspects of ASD.
This blog post explores the potential of Unani medicine as a complementary system for managing autism by focusing on its neuroprotective remedies, dietary guidelines, and regimenal therapies.
Understanding Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Autism Spectrum Disorder is a complex condition characterized by varying degrees of difficulties in social communication and behavior. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) classifies ASD as an umbrella term encompassing conditions such as Asperger syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). Symptoms typically emerge during early childhood, and ASD affects individuals differently, with some exhibiting significant impairments in functioning while others may display milder symptoms.
The rising prevalence of ASD, particularly in developed countries, is cause for concern. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 1 in 160 children worldwide is diagnosed with ASD. In the United States, the prevalence increased from 1 in 500 children in 1994 to 1 in 54 by 2016. In India, estimates range from 0.15% to 1.01%, although prevalence in low- and middle-income countries remains largely unknown.
Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors
Genetics play a substantial role in the risk of developing ASD, with studies suggesting that heritability accounts for 74% to 93% of ASD cases. Sibling studies show that younger siblings of children diagnosed with ASD are more likely to develop the condition themselves. Boys are three to four times more likely to be diagnosed with ASD than girls.
While genetic factors are significant, environmental factors also contribute to the risk. Advanced maternal and paternal ages, prenatal exposure to valproic acid, low birth weight, and short inter-pregnancy intervals are all associated with an increased likelihood of ASD. However, contrary to popular belief, there is no link between ASD and vaccinations.
Unani Medicine: An Overview
Unani medicine, also known as Greco-Arabic medicine, is based on the humoral theory introduced by the Greek physician Hippocrates and further developed by Islamic scholars. According to this theory, the body’s health depends on the balance of four bodily humors: Dam (blood), Balgham (phlegm), Ṣafrā (yellow bile), and Sawdā (black bile). Disease arises when these humors become imbalanced. In the case of ASD, Unani scholars suggest that an excess of Sawdā, particularly an abnormal form known as Sawdā Ghayr Ṭabīʿī (abnormal black bile), may disrupt cognitive functions and cause behavioral disturbances.
Correlation Between Oxidative Stress and ASD
Modern research aligns with some of the principles of Unani medicine, particularly the role of oxidative stress (OS) in neurodegenerative disorders like ASD. In Unani terminology, the condition of Iḥtirāq—excessive heat production due to the imbalance of humors—is conceptually similar to OS in modern medicine. Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body’s ability to neutralize these free radicals. In ASD, elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) have been linked to the pathophysiology of the disorder. OS is also believed to contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction, another factor implicated in ASD.
Unani Pharmacotherapy for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Unani medicine offers several plant-based remedies that possess neuroprotective properties. These remedies help manage oxidative stress, reduce inflammation, and improve cognitive function, making them suitable for treating neurological disorders like ASD.
1. Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn)
Amla, also known as Indian gooseberry, is widely recognized for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. It has been used traditionally to treat a range of conditions, from gastrointestinal issues to cognitive impairments.
-
- Neuroprotective Role: Amla has been shown to enhance cognitive function and memory. Its ability to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress makes it a promising treatment for neurological conditions like ASD.
- Additional Benefits: It is also used as a brain tonic, cardiac tonic, and tranquilizer, providing broad-spectrum support for the body’s systems.
2. Badām (Prunus amygdalus Dulcis)
Almonds have long been used in Unani medicine as a brain tonic, known for their ability to improve cognitive function and reduce anxiety.
- Neuroprotective Role: Almonds have been shown to enhance memory, provide anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) effects, and act as powerful antioxidants.
- Additional Benefits: Regular consumption of almonds can help treat insomnia, headaches, and other neurological symptoms associated with ASD.
3. Brahmi (Centella asiatica Linn.)
Brahmi is another well-known herb in Unani and Ayurvedic medicine, used primarily as a nerve tonic and cognitive enhancer.
- Neuroprotective Role: Brahmi enhances cognitive function, reduces inflammation, and offers antioxidant protection. It is widely used to treat memory loss, epilepsy, and other cognitive impairments.
- Additional Benefits: Brahmi also supports the liver, kidneys, and stomach, contributing to overall well-being.
4. Jadwār (Delphinium denudatum Wall.)
Jadwār is a potent brain tonic and nervine tonic, used to treat a variety of neurological conditions such as paralysis, epilepsy, and hysteria.
- Neuroprotective Role: Jadwār’s neuroprotective, anticonvulsant, and anxiolytic properties make it a valuable remedy for managing the cognitive and behavioral symptoms of ASD.
5. Polyherbal Formulation: Khamira Ābresham Hakīm Arshad Wala
This polyherbal formulation is a combination of several neuroprotective ingredients, including Bombyx mori cocoon and Pyrus cydonia. It is widely used to treat cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration.
- Neuroprotective Role: Khamira Ābresham has been scientifically validated for its cardioprotective and nephroprotective properties, and its regular use helps prevent cognitive decline in individuals with neurological conditions.
Regimenal Therapies in Unani Medicine for ASD Management
In addition to pharmacotherapy, Unani medicine emphasizes regimenal therapies that support the body’s natural healing processes. These therapies are designed to balance the humors, promote detoxification, and enhance overall well-being.
1. Riyādat (Exercise)
Regular physical activity plays a crucial role in maintaining physical and mental health. Moderate exercise boosts circulation, strengthens the immune system, and aids in the elimination of waste products, which may alleviate some of the symptoms associated with ASD. However, intense exercise is discouraged, as it may increase oxidative stress and worsen symptoms.
2. Al-Nawm wa’l Yaqẓa (Sleep and Wakefulness)
Adequate sleep is essential for maintaining cognitive function and emotional well-being. Sleep restores the body’s moisture balance and helps regulate metabolic processes. In individuals with ASD, chronic sleep deprivation can exacerbate symptoms, including irritability and cognitive difficulties.
3. Dalk (Massage)
Massage therapy is commonly used in Unani medicine to improve circulation, relieve muscle tension, and restore the body’s natural moisture balance. Regular massages, especially when combined with herbal oils, can reduce neuromuscular excitability and promote relaxation in individuals with ASD.
4. Ḥammām (Turkish Bath)
ammām therapy involves bathing in rooms with varying temperatures to detoxify the body and improve circulation. The use of warm water and steam helps eliminate morbid matter through the skin, which can reduce oxidative stress and promote overall well-being.
Dietary Guidelines in Unani Medicine for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Diet plays a vital role in Unani medicine, as the right food can help balance the humors and promote health. The following dietary interventions are commonly recommended for managing ASD symptoms:
1. Mā’ al-Sha‘īr (Barley Water)
Barley water is a traditional remedy used in Unani medicine to reduce excessive body heat and detoxify the system. It is known for its cooling properties, which help address the heat imbalance thought to contribute to neurological disorders like ASD.
2. Juicy Fruits
Fruits such as watermelon and citrus are recommended for their hydrating and detoxifying properties. These fruits help maintain moisture in the body and reduce the risk of Iḥtirāq (heat imbalance), which can exacerbate cognitive and behavioral symptoms in ASD.
3. Avoid Oily and Greasy Foods
Foods high in oil and grease are discouraged in Unani medicine, as they can disrupt digestion and contribute to the accumulation of morbid matter in the body. A diet rich in fresh vegetables and fruits is recommended to support the body’s natural detoxification processes.
Conclusion
Unani medicine offers a holistic and multi-faceted approach to managing Autism Spectrum Disorder, emphasizing balance in the body’s humors, detoxification, and neuroprotection. Through the use of plant-based remedies such as Amla, Badām, Brahmi, and Jadwār, Unani pharmacotherapy provides a natural and potentially effective alternative to conventional treatments. Additionally, regimenal therapies like exercise, massage, and dietary interventions offer complementary strategies to enhance physical and mental health. By integrating these time-tested practices with modern medical approaches, Unani medicine presents a promising avenue for improving the quality of life for individuals with ASD.
Source:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dr-Sahiba/publication/384216236_Neuroprotective_strategies_in_Unani_medicine_for_managing_autism_spectrum_disorders_A_holistic_approach/links/66ee81a897a75a4b483bde0a/Neuroprotective-strategies-in-Unani-medicine-for-managing-autism-spectrum-disorders-A-holistic-approach.pdf