Introduction
The digital world has become an integral part of daily life, but for some, it can lead to problematic behaviors like gaming disorder (GD) and internet addiction (IA). These issues have become an increasing concern for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), who may be particularly vulnerable to excessive digital engagement. Published in September 2024 in Computers in Human Behavior, the systematic review titled Autism in Relation to Gaming Disorder and Internet Addiction offers a comprehensive analysis of how these two forms of addiction affect autistic individuals. It provides a deep dive into the factors contributing to this vulnerability, the potential risks, and the benefits of digital engagement, all while underscoring the need for more research and targeted interventions.
What Are Gaming Disorder and Internet Addiction?
Before delving into how these conditions affect autistic individuals, it is essential to understand what they entail:
- Gaming Disorder (GD) is a condition recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) and is characterized by impaired control over gaming, increasing priority given to gaming over other activities, and continuation of gaming despite negative consequences.
- Internet Addiction (IA) refers to excessive use of the internet that interferes with daily life, particularly in social, educational, or occupational settings.
In both cases, the compulsive behavior associated with these conditions can lead to significant social, emotional, and cognitive impairments, particularly in vulnerable populations like those with ASD.
Why Is ASD Linked to Digital Addiction?
Autism spectrum disorder is known for certain core traits, including challenges in social communication, a preference for structured or repetitive activities, and intense focus on specific interests. These traits may make individuals with ASD more prone to excessive gaming and internet use. This systematic review explores various factors that contribute to this relationship:
- Structured and Repetitive Engagement
Individuals with ASD often gravitate toward structured environments where rules and outcomes are clear. Games, especially video games, provide a highly structured experience, making them appealing to autistic individuals. The predictability and repetitive nature of gaming align with the preferences of those with ASD, which can lead to extended periods of play and, in some cases, problematic gaming behaviors. - Social Difficulties
Many individuals with ASD struggle with face-to-face social interactions, making online environments a more attractive option. Online platforms provide an opportunity to engage in social activities without the anxiety or pressure of in-person communication. However, this can also lead to overreliance on online relationships and disengagement from real-world social interactions, contributing to the development of internet addiction.
Key Findings of the Systematic Review
1. Higher Rates of Gaming Disorder in Autistic Individuals
The review found that individuals with ASD are more prone to developing gaming disorder compared to neurotypical individuals. Several studies highlighted in the review showed higher rates of problematic gaming behaviors among autistic adolescents. This is often due to the immersive and highly stimulating nature of video games, which can serve as a safe space for autistic individuals, but also trap them in compulsive gaming patterns.
Autistic individuals often exhibit difficulties in shifting focus from one activity to another, known as cognitive inflexibility. This makes it challenging for them to regulate their time spent on games, leading to prolonged gaming sessions that contribute to the development of GD.
2. Increased Vulnerability to Internet Addiction
Internet addiction was also more prevalent in individuals with ASD. Autistic individuals often use the internet as a coping mechanism to deal with social anxiety or as a tool to delve into their special interests. The internet provides an endless stream of information and communities that cater to highly specific interests, which can be particularly appealing to people on the spectrum.
However, the review also highlighted that this excessive engagement often leads to social isolation and exacerbation of autism-related symptoms. Instead of helping, excessive internet use can hinder real-life social development and deepen an individual’s dependency on virtual interactions.
3. The Role of Online Communities
While excessive internet use can be detrimental, the review also pointed out that online platforms can offer positive outlets for individuals with ASD. Autistic individuals may find solace in online communities, particularly niche groups that align with their interests. For some, the internet provides a space to connect with others who understand and accept their neurodivergent traits.
These communities can be a valuable source of social interaction and support, offering an opportunity for social learning in a less intimidating environment than face-to-face interactions. However, this needs to be managed carefully, as over-reliance on virtual relationships can further contribute to social isolation.
4. Cognitive and Behavioral Impacts of Gaming and Internet Use
The review highlighted the cognitive consequences of excessive gaming and internet use in individuals with ASD. Prolonged digital engagement can impair executive functioning, such as decision-making, attention control, and emotional regulation. In many cases, autistic individuals already face challenges in these areas, and excessive time spent gaming or online can worsen these deficits.
Moreover, behavioral consequences like sleep disturbances were commonly reported in studies reviewed. Individuals with ASD often struggle with regulating their sleep-wake cycles, and excessive screen time, particularly at night, exacerbates these issues.
The Potential Benefits of Digital Engagement
While much of the focus of the review was on the risks, it also shed light on potential benefits of digital engagement for individuals with ASD. In moderation, gaming and internet use can:
- Enhance cognitive skills: Some video games improve skills like problem-solving, spatial reasoning, and attention to detail, all of which can be beneficial for autistic individuals.
- Offer social engagement: For those who find real-world social interactions overwhelming, online games or social media can provide a platform for making friends and developing social skills in a more controlled environment.
- Provide emotional regulation: Engaging with structured activities online can help autistic individuals regulate their emotions by offering a predictable, low-stress environment.
The challenge lies in striking the right balance between healthy and problematic use.
Psychosocial Consequences of Digital Addiction in Autism
1. Worsening of Social Withdrawal
Excessive engagement with gaming or the internet can worsen social withdrawal in autistic individuals. As they become more immersed in virtual worlds, they may distance themselves further from real-world interactions, creating a vicious cycle of isolation.
2. Increased Anxiety and Stress
The review found that autistic individuals who spend excessive time online often report higher levels of anxiety, particularly related to real-world interactions. This increased anxiety may stem from their dependence on the structured, predictable nature of the virtual world, making real-life social encounters even more daunting.
3. Diminished Real-World Social Skills
As autistic individuals become more engaged in digital interactions, their real-world social skills may deteriorate. The lack of face-to-face communication in online environments can result in missed opportunities to practice essential social skills, leading to further difficulties in forming relationships offline.
Recommendations for Parents and Caregivers
1. Limit Screen Time
The authors of the review recommend setting structured limits on screen time for individuals with ASD. While digital engagement is not inherently harmful, excessive use can lead to negative outcomes. Parents and caregivers should help autistic individuals balance their time between online and offline activities.
2. Encourage Positive Digital Use
Rather than banning digital activities, it is essential to guide autistic individuals toward positive and productive digital use. Educational games, creative online platforms, or joining supportive online communities can provide a healthier alternative to compulsive gaming or internet use.
3. Therapeutic Interventions
For individuals already struggling with gaming disorder or internet addiction, therapeutic interventions tailored to their unique needs are crucial. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), family-based interventions, and setting boundaries around digital use can help manage compulsive behaviors.
Call for Further Research
The review highlights the need for more research into the long-term effects of digital engagement on autistic individuals. Future studies should focus on:
- Understanding how digital addiction impacts developmental trajectories in children with ASD.
- Exploring effective interventions that address both the potential benefits and risks of gaming and internet use for this population.
- Investigating the role of parental and societal influences on the digital habits of autistic individuals.
Conclusion
The relationship between autism and digital addiction is complex, with individuals on the spectrum displaying higher susceptibility to gaming disorder and internet addiction. While these digital platforms offer structured environments and social opportunities, they can also lead to negative psychosocial consequences if overused. Striking a balance between healthy and problematic use is key. Parents, caregivers, and professionals must work together to guide autistic individuals in using technology constructively while being mindful of the risks of over-engagement.
Source:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S074756322400311X